Framework Construction of Safranbolu Houses
Wooden Houses of Anatolia
Framework Construction of Safranbolu Houses
INTRODUCTION
It has been a matter of great importance to present the disappearing values
in a place like Anatolia where different civilizations met and history was
deeply experienced as well as protecting these values.
The aim of this study is to invetigate the wooden frame work walls of
traditional Safranbolu Houses, which have a significant place in our traditional
architecture heritage.
This study was put into practice in two different regions of Safranbolu,
which has been one of the traditional sample areas of Anatolia, and been able to
protect its nature without having much destruction. The reason for choosing
these two regions in the borders of historical protection areas is their
reflecting the history, construction culture, economy, life style and technology
of Turkish society. These two regions are Çarşı (city) used as a winter
residence and Bağlar used as a summer residences.
In order to be able to reach objective results; samples were determined with
the method of gratis; being 30 in city part which has more dense settlement
structure and 20 in Bağlar region. For each sample, numerical data were joined
as a result of measurement and roleve studies. After analyzing the gained data
wooden framework walls, filing material and their proportions in that region
were revealed.
WOODEN FRAMEWORKED WALLS:
Wooden frameworked walls are the systems in which loads in the wall structure
were transferred to the ground through wooden strut and beans.
In the study, considering strut gaps and filling material, four different
systems were found out.
1- Adobe filled walls
2- Wooden filled walls
3- Stone filled walls
4- Stone Adobe Filled walls
Adobe Filled, Wooden Frameworked Walls:
This system has the most strut gap in the region. There is a measurement
integrity between the struts in the corners and windows considering both gaps
and cross-section dimensions. Among the struts whose gaps are between 70-75 cm,
the average of cross-section dimensions is 15x11.7. In these determinations the
following result was obtained.
There is a close relationship between the distance among vertical carriers
and strut cross-section dimensions; cross-section spaces increased as long as
strut gaps increased.
Horizontal elements (bracings, 11x7) were arranged only in the lower and
upper parts of the window siding =(19x9) came together with the lower floor by
cutting the window edge strut from the middle parts of the corner strut.
Joint sidings which support the sidings which especially occur in stone
filled samples are out of question in adobe filled systems. On the other hand,
sidings effective against horizontal loading were made to be more effective by
wing in horizontal system.
Filling-Adobe whose raw material is sand and straw was used both in he
horizontal direction and perpendicular direction considering the cavity.
Determined adobe dimensions are 27x27x10 cm, 27x22x10 cm, 27x13x10 cm.
Adobe filled walls plastered from internal and external and external sides
form 54% of the houses included in this study, on the other hand samples having
70-75 cm. strut gap form 25% of these houses.
Wooden Filled Walls:
Among the carrier struts wood was used as a filling element. Filling wood is,
in a way, are evaluation of the demolished lattice framework elements. This
construction material provided from old constructions took place in the lattice
framework in the horizontal and perpendicular directions without having a
system. In this system the distance between vertical carriers is in different
measurements like 40-45, 70-75. Horizontal elements, in wooden filled,
frameworked walls having 13x10 cross-section dimensions, were put in only the
lower and upper parts of the door and window cavities.
In the extent of this study, there are few samples of wooden filled
constructions in Bağlar region.
Stone Filled Walls:
In this system, the number of vertical carriers was increased, and cross
section places of intermediate struts, out of the ones situated in the corner
and door edges, were decreased. This gap, without considering main and secondary
changes between 20-25 cm from axle to axle.
The reason for the contraction of these gaps is to make the filling material
made of stone breaks enable to stay in its place. The average corner strut
cross-section was determined to be 14.5x10.3 cm. and item strut was determined
to be 12x6 cm.
Horizontal elements, especially the ones found in the stone filled samples
belonging to the recent period, were used along the whole wall except for the
lower and upper parts of the windows and doors.
Filling stones are provided from the streams and slopes. They were filled
with stone or stone breaks called “küfünk or yegdane stone” in the regional
speech. In these houses, most of which are left without being plastered, after
the framework is finished, the outer part of the lattice framework is built with
mud mortar by nailing wood structure.
In this study, even though the proportion of stone filled walls most of whose
samples are found mostly in Bağlar region, is 41%, the proportion of stone
filled walls whose strut gap is 20-25 is 18%.
The connection of lattice framework elements is enabled with blacksmith nail,
in some samples, there are notches on the floor edge. Siding having 12x9
dimensions are not connected to the lower ground buy cutting the lower and upper
ground as in the Middle Europe and American system, but are connected cutting
one edge to the corner strut in the window upper spot height level, and the
lower edge to the window corner strut.
Siding system apart from its having a different system from Middle Europe and
American system better precautions were taken between the stone filled type and
adobe and wooden filled types, especially in the stone filled samples.
From the point in which window edge strut intersects with siding to the point
in which corner strut intersects with lower floor, two different sidings were
arranged. In these arrangements, there comes lower edge to the joining part of
the window upper heading (bracing) and corner strut, and there comes upper edge
to the connection part of window edge strut and upper floor.
In stone filled samples, intermediate struts were cut by horizontal elements
going on along the wall.
Stone-Adobe Filled Frameworked Walls:
Carrier struts were put in the corners and door-window edges by considering
the joins of two intersecting walls. Taking the material, which will be filled
in the walls secondary struts were placed. Two different systems were
determined.
1- Samples whose strut gaps are 30-35 cm.
2- Samples whose strut gaps are 40-45 cm.
In the first type system, struts having 14x11 cross-section dimensions were
divided with two secondary struts whose average cross-section dimensions were
11x8 cm. In these samples whose strut gap is between 30-35 cm, the amount of
stone filled houses is more than adobe filled houses. Stone filled samples is
17.3%, adobe filled samples is 0.65% siding system is the same with the stone
filled constructions whose strut gap is 20-25 cm.
In the second type system, strut’ gaps were divided with one secondary strut.
Between the secondary strut and main strut, there is very little difference in
terms of workmanship and cross-section areas. In these constructions, whose main
strut cross-section dimensions are 14x12 cm, and secondary strut cross-section
dimensions are 12x10 cm, filling material is mostly adobe. In many ways, it is
similar to adobe filled frameworked constructions. In this system in which strut
gap is 45 cm, the proportion of adobe filled samples is 24%, and stone filled
samples is 11%.
INTERNAL PARTITION WALLS
Internal Partition Walls show differences based on the used materials.
- Stone and adobe filled frameworked walls
- Adobe piled walls
- Adobe plated walls
Stone and adobe filled frameworked walls; to specific gaps, after door blank
were left as in the outer surface, vertical struts are placed. The gaps in he
carrier struts are plastered after being filled with adobe and stone breaks.
Horizontal and cross lattice framework elements were used less compared to the
outer surfaces.
Adobe filled walls; they are the walls which go over the stone and adobe
walls on the ground floor and have got a fireplace.
Wooden plated internal partition walls; in this type which was put into
practice in wet volumes, wood was not connected with a special tenon method but
with blacksmith nails. Plating wood used both in the horizontal and
perpendicular directions are of 2-4 cm. width. Samples shaped in this way were
determined to be in the toilets making porch in Bağlar region, a summer
residence of Safranbolu.
CONCLUSION
Differences of material and construction in the walls of ground floor was
observed in the walls of living floor.
There are differences between cross section of strut and strut gaps according
to the filling materials.
Strut gaps were determined as 70-75 cm. in the walls filled with adobe but
20-25 cm. in stone filled walls.
It was determined that the walls filled with adobe had been plastered with
mud but stone filled walls had not.
Şeref KAYA
Researcher Z.K.Ü.Safranbolu Vocational School
Burhanettin UYSAL
Assch. Prof. Dr. Z.K.Ü.Safranbolu Vocational School
M.Reşat SÜMERKAN
Asist Prof. Dr. KTÜ Faculty of Architecture